Notes & Queries: A Fragment on Mummies

I was recently reading volume three of Sir Thomas Browne’s Works, edited by Geoffrey Keynes (1964 edition). The volume contains mostly miscellaneous pieces and lesser-known works by Browne. It ended with a little piece that I found absolutely charming, “A Fragment on Mummies”. I had never come across the “Fragment” before, and although I enjoyed it immensely, there was something a little odd about it. After finishing it, I referred back to Keynes’ introduction to the volume to see what he had to say about it. He wrote that the fragment

 “was initially supplied to Wilkin by his friend, James Crossley of Manchester, who pretended to have forgotten where he had seen the original manuscript. Wilkin printed the piece in good faith, but afterwards saw that there was reason to doubt its authenticity, and it was omitted from Bohn’s reprint of his edition in 1852. Crossley never publicly admitted having written it himself, and the reader may be left to judge whether Browne would have owned to its verbal extravagances, or would even have gusted so irreverent a pleasantry.”

 The story is that James Crossley (1800-1883) of Manchester had sent the “Fragment on Mummies” to Simon Wilkin, who was preparing his 1835 edition of Browne’s works. Crossley claimed to have gotten it from a manuscript in the British Library, but no one has managed to find any such manuscript. (The documentary history of this story is laid out in Samuel Swett Green’s 1903 paper.)

Keynes’ account, above, is a bit ambiguous, making it sound as if it were still an open question whether or not the “Fragment on Mummies” was written by Browne, and if it was not, what telltale signs within the piece might give it away as a fake. (I believed I had spotted at least one such sign.) So, of course I needed to learn more.

The consensus of course is that it is not genuine, which leads me to the question of Crossley’s intentions. I have seen the “Fragment” described as a “parody”. In a letter to the Manchester Guardian (17 December 1901), C. W. Hutton referred to it as a “hoax” and a “jeu d’esprit”. Since Crossley fessed up to it only much later and only once he was directly accused, and since his confession was not to poor Wilkin, I would prefer to call this a forgery. But it is a very beautiful one, as this passage, once famously quoted by Emerson, demonstrates:

“Of their living habitations they made little account, conceiving of them but as hospitia, or inns, while they adorned the sepulchres of the dead, and planted them on lasting bases, defying the crumbling touches of time and the misty vaporousness of oblivion. Yet all were but Babel vanities. Time sadly overcometh all things, and is now dominant, and sitteth upon a sphinx, and looketh unto Memphis and Thebes, while his sister Oblivion reclineth semisomnous on a pyramid, gloriously triumphing, making puzzles of Titanian erections, and turning old glories into dreams. History sinketh beneath her cloud. The traveller as he paceth amazedly through those deserts asketh of her, who buildeth them? and she mumbleth something, but what it is he heareth not.”

Three days after Hutton’s letter appeared, the editor of the Guardian thanked him for clearing up the mystery: “We should never have guessed that it was not a genuine piece by the author of the ‘Urn Burial,’ and are inclined to place Mr. James Crossley, who wrote it, among the most skilful imitators of other men’s style of whom literary history tells us.” Note again the indulgence granted here to Crossley. He is not a fraudster, he is an imitator.

Anyway, as I said, I guessed it was not genuine, and here is why. As I was reading the piece, I stumbled at one word in the following sentence:

“Shall we eat of Chamnes and Amosis in electuaries and pills, and be cured by cannibal mixtures? Surely such a diet is dismal vampirism…”

Now, the OED’s earliest citation for “vampire” (or “vampyre”) is from The Travels of Three English Gentlemen, from Venice to Hamburgh (1734). And the earliest citation for “vampirism” is from Erasmus Darwin’s Zoonomia (1794-96). This was the rat I smelled.

Now I wish, dear reader, that I was clever enough to have been the first to note this. But it turns out that I was anticipated by at least one other person, Robert Kane, in a 1933 paper. Two further lexical anachronisms in the “Fragment” identified by Kane are worthy of mention, if for no other reason than to give Crossley his due as an innovator. First, Crossley’s 1835 use of “blinkingly” pre-dates the OED’s earliest citation of 1879. Second, the OED’s earliest citation of “semisomnous” is from Henry Rogers’ The Supernatural Origin of the Bible (1873). But in that work Rogers was himself quoting from the “Fragment on Mummies”!

 

Sources

 BROWNE, Sir Thomas. The Works (4 Vols.). Geoffrey Keynes (ed.). London: Faber & Faber, 1964.

 GREEN, Samuel Swett. “Did Sir Thomas Browne Write ‘Fragment on Mummies’?” Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society 15 (1903), 442-447.

 KANE, Robert J. “James Crossley, Sir Thomas Browne, and the Fragment on Mummies,” Review of English Studies 9.35 (1933), 266-274.

The Government of the Tongue

As the Preacher saith, “There is no new thing under the sun” (Eccles. 1:9). It seems that one of these things that is not new is episodes of contention and unbrotherly relations between preachers and congregants. In Spectator No. 468 (16 July 1714), Joseph Addison related the following amusing anecdote:

“I remember an empty pragmatical Fellow in the Country, who upon reading over the whole Duty of Man, had written the Names of several Persons in the Village at the Side of every Sin which is mentioned by that excellent Author; so that he had converted one of the best Books in the World into a Libel against the ‘Squire, Church-wardens, Overseers of the Poor, and all other the most considerable Persons in the Parish. This Book with these extraordinary marginal Notes fell accidentally into the Hands of one who had never seen it before; upon which there arose a current Report that Some body had written a book against the ‘Squire and the whole Parish. The Minister of the Place having at that Time a Controversy with some of his Congregation upon the Account of his Tythes, was under the Suspicion of being the Author…”

It is generally accepted that the “excellent Author” of the anonymously published work that Addison refers to, The Whole Duty of Man (1658), was Richard Allestree (1621/22-1681), a 17^th-century Anglican clergyman. Though it may come as a surprise now, The Whole Duty of Man vied with The Pilgrim’s Progress as the most popular English devotional work of the 17^th and 18^th centuries. It went through countless editions. In my opinion, Whole Duty is much more deserving of that popularity than Bunyan’s tedious work. But it now goes largely unread.

I happen to have in my possession a 1675 edition of another work of Allestree’s entitled The Government of the Tongue. Curiously, the inscription of a former owner on the flyleaf reads as follows: 

Presented to the Pastor

of Zion Tabernacle

Hamilton Ontario, with

a request that he will

read, mark, learn, and

inwardly digest the

contents

                  March 1879

 

Ouch. Indeed, there is no new thing under the sun. Parish politics "hath been already of old time."

 

The Spectacled Avenger's Reading List, 2022

 

Well, here we are, almost a year since I have posted on this blog. As usual, I will apologize. But I will also explain myself. For several years, one things that has been a serious obstacle to keeping up with this blog has been work: the demands of my professional life have made it difficult to find the time or maintain the energy to contribute to this blog up to a standard I like to hold for myself.

But over the past few years another – equally serious – obstacle has emerged: I work in a university. Moreover, I work in what is the most left-wing university in my country. Universities today have become the most intolerant environments one can find in what used to be called the free world. And for me, someone of a conservative disposition, this means that it has become a dangerous place. I am in the ideological closet, by necessity. There is a very real fear that something appearing on this blog, however anodyne by current standards of online political discourse, could make my career untenable.

This has had an effect on the content of the blog. In the old days I explored political ideas and put forth opinions here that I dare not do now. Instead, I find myself to have mainly adopted the persona of the harmless antiquarian. This keeps me out of trouble. But I must admit, blogging is simply not as much fun anymore. It does not give me the kind of release I used to appreciate from blogging.

So I will be re-thinking whether The Spectacled Avenger is still a viable project. I have this post, and about three more lined up, so we’ll see how it goes after that. Now, to the post…

As is the custom, I give below the list of books I read during the previous year, with ones I particularly enjoyed in bold. In terms of patterns, it looks like I read a fair amount of 17^th-century English prose (Bacon, Browne, Cudworth, Donne, Felltham, John Smith). The Scottish Enlightenment was also well-represented (Hutcheson, Kames, Robertson, Adam Smith).

 

*          *          *          *          *

 

ANONYMOUS. The Parliamentary Register; or History of the Proceedings and Debates of the House of Commons (Vol. XVII). London: J. Debrett, 1785. 

ANONYMOUS. Quoniam Attachiamenta. T. D. Fergus (ed. and trans.). Edinburgh: Stair Society, 1996. 

BACON, Sir Francis. The Essayes or Counsels, Civill and Morall. London: John Haviland, 1625 (facsimile, Menston, UK: Scolar Press, 1971). 

BENTHAM, Jeremy. An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation. J. H. Burns and H. L. A. Hart (eds.). London: Athlone Press, 1970. 

BOLINGBROKE, Henry St. John, Viscount. Letters and Correspondence, Public and Private (Vol. IV). Gilbert Parke (ed.). London: G. G. and J. Robinson, 1798. 

BOURINOT, Sir John George. Parliamentary Procedure and Practice in the Dominion of Canada (3^rd edition). Toronto: Canada Law Book Company, 1903. 

BROWNE, Sir Thomas. The Works of Sir Thomas Browne (Vol. II: Pseudodoxia Epidemica). Geoffrey Keynes (ed.). London: Faber and Faber, 1964. 

BUCHANAN, James M. and Gordon TULLOCK. The Calculus of Consent (Selected Works of Gordon Tullock, Vol. 2). Charles K. Rowley (ed.). Indianapolis, IN: Liberty Fund, 2004. 

BUCHANAN, James M. and Richard E. WAGNER. Democracy in Deficit: The Political Legacy of Lord Keynes (Collected Works of James M. Buchanan, Vol. 8). Indianapolis, IN: Liberty Fund, 2000. 

BURKE, Edmund. Reflections on the Revolution in France. London: J. Dodsley, 1790. 

COUPLAND, Douglas. Player One: What Is to Become of Us (CBC Massey Lectures). Toronto: House of Anansi Press, 2010. 

COUPLAND, Douglas. Life after God. New York: Washington Square Press, 1994. 

CUDWORTH, Ralph. A Treatise of Freewill. John Allen (ed.). London: John W. Parker, 1848. 

DAVIES, Robertson. The Rebel Angels. Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin Books, 1983. 

DONNE, John. Devotions Upon Emergent Occasions. Anthony Raspa (ed.). Montreal and London: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1975. 

DRURY, John (ed.). The New Testament: The Authorized or King James Version of 1611. New York: Everyman’s Library, 1998. 

DRYDEN, John. The Works of John Dryden (Vol. V: The Works of Virgil in English, 1697). William Frost and Vinton A. Dearing (eds.). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1987. 

DRYDEN, John. The Works of John Dryden (Vol. VI: The Works of Virgil in English, 1697). William Frost and Vinton A. Dearing (eds.). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1987. 

ERSKINE MAY, Thomas. A Treatise upon the Law, Privileges, Proceedings and Usage of Parliament. London: Charles Knight & Co., 1844. 

FELLTHAM, Owen. Resolves: Divine, Morall, Politicall (3^rd edition). London: Henry Seile, 1628 (facsimile, Amsterdam: Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, 1975). 

FIELDING, Henry. A Journey from This World to the Next. London: Everyman’s Library, 1973. 

FRANCIS, Philip. The Letters of Junius. John Cannon (ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978. 

FRONTO, Marcus Cornelius. Correspondence (Vol. II). C. R. Haines (trans.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1929. 

GALBRAITH, John Kenneth. The Great Crash, 1929. Boston: Mariner Books, 1997. 

GASKELL, Philip. A New Introduction to Bibliography. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972. 

GELLIUS, Aulus. Attic Nights (Vol. III). John C. Rolfe (trans.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993. 

GROSSMAN, Dave. On Killing: The Psychological Cost of Learning to Kill in War and Society. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1996. 

HAYEK, Friedrich A. The Road to Serfdom (Collected Works of F. A. Hayek, Vol. 2). Bruce Caldwell (ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007. 

HAYEK. Friedrich A. The Constitution of Liberty. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1960. 

 HAYEK, Friedrich A. The Fatal Conceit: The Errors of Socialism (Collected Works of F. A. Hayek, Vol. 1). Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988. 

HODDER, Edwin. The Life and Work of the Seventh Earl of Shaftesbury, K. G. (Vol. I). London: Cassell and Company, 1886. 

HODDER, Edwin. The Life and Work of the Seventh Earl of Shaftesbury, K. G. (Vol. II). London: Cassell and Company, 1886. 

HODDER, Edwin. The Life and Work of the Seventh Earl of Shaftesbury, K. G. (Vol. III). London: Cassell and Company, 1886. 

HUTCHESON, Francis. A System of Moral Philosophy (Vol. I). Glasgow: R. and A. Foulis, 1755 (facsimile, Hildesheim: Georg Olms, 1969). 

JUSTINIAN. The Digest of Justinian (Vol. 1). Alan Watson (ed.). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1998. 

KAMES, Henry Home, Lord. Sketches of the History of Man (Vol. II). James A. Harris (ed.). Indianapolis, IN: Liberty Fund, 2007. 

KATZ, Arthur M. Life after Nuclear War: The Economic and Social Impacts of Nuclear Attacks on the United States. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger Publishing Company, 1982. 

LOYSEAU, Charles. A Treatise of Orders and Plain Dignities. Howell A. Lloyd (trans.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994. 

LUCIAN. Works (Vol. VII: Dialogues of the Dead, etc.). M. D. Macleod (trans.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1961. 

MANDEVILLE, Barnard. The Fable of the Bees: Or, Private Vices, Publick Benefits (Vol. I). F. B. Kaye (ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1924. 

MENCKEN, H. L. Prejudices: First, Second, and Third Series. New York: Library of America, 2010. 

MENCKEN, H. L. Prejudices: Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth Series. New York: Library of America, 2010. 

MILEVSKY, Moshe Arye. The Day the King Defaulted: Financial Lessons from the Stop of the Exchequer in 1672. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017. 

MISES, Richard von. Probability, Statistics and Truth. New York: Dover Publications, 1981. 

MUSONIUS RUFUS. That One Should Disdain Hardships: The Teachings of a Roman Stoic. Cora E. Lutz (trans.). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2020. 

NARVESON, Jan. The Libertarian Idea. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 1988. 

PINCOURT, Charles and James LINDSAY. Counter Wokecraft: A Field Manual for Combatting the Woke in the University and Beyond. Orlando, FL: New Discourses, 2021. 

POPE, Alexander. The Rape of the Lock and Other Poems (Poems of Alexander Pope, Vol. II). Geoffrey Tillotson (ed.). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1962. 

POPE, Alexander. An Essay on Man (Poems of Alexander Pope, Vol. III-i). Maynard Mack (ed.). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1964. 

RAND, Ayn. Atlas Shrugged. New York: Plume, 2005. 

RICARDO, David. On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation. Piero Sraffa (ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1951. 

ROBERTSON, William. The Works of William Robertson, D. D. (Vol. I: History of Scotland). London: Cadell and Davies et al., 1817. 

ROBERTSON, William. The Works of William Robertson, D. D. (Vol. II: History of Scotland). London: Cadell and Davies et al., 1817. 

ROBERTSON, William. The Works of William Robertson, D. D. (Vol. III: History of Scotland). London: Cadell and Davies et al., 1817. 

ROBERTSON, William. The Works of William Robertson, D. D. (Vol. IV: History of the Reign of Charles V). London: Cadell and Davies et al., 1817. 

RUSKIN, John. Præterita and Dilecta. New York: Everyman’s Library, 2005. 

SCHELLING, Thomas C. The Strategy of Conflict. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1980. 

SCHOPENHAUER, Arthur. Essays and Aphorisms. R. J. Hollingdale (trans.). Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin, 2004. 

SHAFTESBURY, Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3^rd Earl of. Characteristicks of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times (Vol. III). Indianapolis, IN: Liberty Fund, 2000. 

SHAKESPEARE, William. The Tempest. John Munro (ed.). London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1958. 

SHAKESPEARE, William. Richard the Second. John Munro (ed.). London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1958. 

SHAKESPEARE, William. Titus Andronicus. John Munro (ed.). London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1958. 

SHELLENBERGER, Michael. San Fransicko: Why Progressives Ruin Cities. New York: Harper, 2021. 

SMITH, Adam. Essays on Philosophical Subjects. London: T. Cadell Jun. and W. Davies, 1795 (facsimile, Hildesheim: Georg Olms, 1982). 

SMITH, John. Select Discourses. London: W. Morden, 1660. 

SPARTIANUS, Aelius et al. Scriptores Historiae Augustae (Vol. I). David Magie (trans.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1991. 

THOMPSON, Sir D’Arcy Wentworth. On Growth and Form (abridged edition). J. T. Bonner (ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1961. 

THORSRUD, Harald. Ancient Scepticism. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009. 

TOCQUEVILLE, Alexis de. Democracy in America (Vol. I). Phillips Bradley (ed.). New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1980. 

TOCQUEVILLE, Alexis de. Democracy in America (Vol. II). Phillips Bradley (ed.). New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1980. 

WILLIAMS, Bernard. Ethics and the Limits of Philosophy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University press, 1985. 

WITTGENSTEIN, Ludwig. Private Notebooks, 1914-1916. Marjorie Perloff (ed.). New York: Liveright Publishing, 2022. 

WITTGENSTEIN, Ludwig. Zettel. G. E. M. Anscombe and G. H. von Wright (eds.). Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1967. 

WORTLEY MONTAGU, Lady Mary. Letters. New York: Everyman’s Library, 1992. 

 

Notes & Queries: Bird of Liberty

Hint: It's not him.

Repeat visitors to this blog will know that The Spectacled Avenger’s favourite book is Lord Shaftesbury’s Characteristicks of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times. I have a particular fascination with the engravings commissioned for the second edition (1714), executed by Simon Gribelin. These consisted of a large frontispiece plate for each of the three volumes of the work, with elaborate headpiece engravings designed for the individual treatises that comprise its entirety. Most (but not all) of these engravings have a tripartite structure, and all of them are intended as emblematic illustrations of key parts of the text.

I was lately pondering the significance of the storks in the bottom panel of the triptych to the plate for Volume I:

Why storks? They must have some significance. In interpreting the meaning of Shaftesbury’s emblems, there are, generally speaking, two loci classici. One is the so-called “Virtuoso-Coppy Book” or set of detailed instructions that Shaftesbury sent from Naples (where he was dying) to Gribelin in London. The second is a 1974 paper by Felix Paknadel, “Shaftesbury’s Illustrations of Characteristics”.

Turning to Paknadel, here is what he notes about this panel:

“Shaftesbury had thought of the picture of ‘a boy holding the cap of Liberty in a triumphing manner’, but then decided to keep the boys for the ‘treatise plates’, which were to be of a lighter character. The lower border represents social harmony [on one side ‘two right hands meeting and clasped’ above the three altars of different forms; on the other side, the emblems of music] and prosperity, mainly in the oval frame [night and day-the face of Apollo at the top, that of Diana at the bottom abundance reigns-cornucopias, a vine growing up a tree, the Rotundo and a ‘palace in good repair’, the caduceus with two wings, the two storks ‘which with their wings seem to support the work above’]. The motto ‘FEL.TEM.’ is the abbreviation of ‘Felicia Tempora’…. The social implication of the whole emblem is clear. Freedom, maintained by a wise ruler, breeds social harmony and fosters the development of civilization.” (p. 299)

No enlightenment here; just the laconic mention that the storks exist and that they support the larger panel above it (not reproduced here). As a gloss, this is no more informative than the “Virtuoso-Coppy-Book”, indeed, it simply reproduces the relevant passage from the Copy-Book. The latter also fails to explain the significance of the storks, though it does mention that they are significant (“essential”):

“Note that in the mere Grotesque-Work of this Under-Border there are four Pieces essential viz^t. The Two Storks which with their Wings seem to support the Work above, and between their allmost joyning Bills (just at the Top the Oval frame-Work) the Head or rather Face of an APOLLO…” (Virtuoso-Coppy-Book 184)

(Sadly, it is worth mentioning that the design for this Volume I frontispiece is the only one for which Shaftesbury lived to see Gribelin’s finished plate.)

Now, it often happens that one cannot “read” one of these plates in isolation from the others. In this case, for reasons I won’t elaborate on here, it bears a relationship to the bottom panel of the triptych to the plate for Volume III. Suffice to say that, whereas the former illustrates the fruits of political and religious liberty, this one is meant to illustrate the evils of a policy of tyranny, superstition, and religious bigotry. Here is that panel:

 

 

 

 The twin storks in the earlier panel have been replaced with

“two metamorphos’d Human Forms which seem of a female Kind and serve as Supporters, back to back, against the Frame-Work, [and] must appear blind-folded.” (Virtuoso-Coppy-Book 154)

Here is Paknadel’s gloss:

“The results of such a policy are shown in the oval frame. [The ancient monuments are tumbling down; day is turned into night, birds of bad omen are flying; the vine has become a bare tree. The faces of Apollo and Diana are replaced by those of Ignorance at the top and Stupidity at the bottom; the storks by two blinded females. The motto is now EN QUO, the abbreviation meaning ‘Behold, whither are we brought! To what state reduced!’]” (pp. 304-305)

I did recently chance upon a rather obscure connection between the above-mentioned “birds of bad omen” and storks. In his posthumous Select Discourses (1660), the Cambridge Platonist philosopher John Smith (1618-1652) makes the following remark: “as Aelian observes of the Stork, that if the Night-owle chanceth to sit upon her eggs, they become presently as it were υπηνεμια, and all incubation rendred impotent and ineffectual” (p. 7). (The reference is to Book I.37 of Aelian’s De natura animalium.)

Now, this is all very interesting, one supposes. But still my question persists: why storks? If he simply needed some creature as mere ornament to frame the head of Apollo, presumably any bird would do. Why not eagles? Or roosters? Shaftesbury doesn’t tell us, and Paknadel makes no attempt to decode the symbolism of the storks, if indeed there is any.

In my experience, when in need of information about the traditional lore of the natural world, it is often helpful to reach for Pliny, or, failing that, to pull Sir Thomas Browne (1605-1682) from the shelves. Lo and behold, in the latter’s Pseudodoxia Epidemica (1646, last revision 1671), Bk. III, ch. 27, we find out that it was once a commonly held belief that “Storks are to be found, and will only live, in Republikes or free States”. Browne’s work does not appear in Shaftesbury’s library catalogue as it has come down to us, but no doubt he was familiar with the notion.

Incidentally – this entire post has been incidental – we also learn from Browne (Bk. V, ch. 22) that the owl had historically been seen as a harbinger of misfortune, and by extension had in his time become emblematic of superstition.

 

Bibliography

BROWNE, Sir Thomas. The Works of Sir Thomas Browne (Vol. II: Pseudodoxia Epidemica). Geoffrey Keynes (ed.). London: Faber and Faber, 1964.

PAKNADEL, Felix. “Shaftesbury’s Illustrations of Characteristics,” Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 37 (1974), 290-312.

SHAFTESBURY, Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3^rd Earl of. Characteristicks of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times (3 vols.). Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 2001.

—— PRO 30/24/24/13. (“Virtuoso-Coppy-Book”, consisting of Shaftesbury’s instructions for the engravings in Characteristicks.) Reproduced in Standard Edition (Vol. I,3), Wolfram Benda (ed.). Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt: Friedrich Fromman Verlag, 1992. 

—— PRO 30/24/23/12. (“Catalogus Librorum Anglicorum, Gallicorum, Italicorum etc…. Anno Ærae Christianæ 1709”, catalogue of works in vernacular languages in Shaftesbury’s libraries in Chelsea and St. Giles.)

SMITH, John. Select Discourses. London: J. Flesher for W. Morden, 1660.