The Government of the Tongue

As the Preacher saith, “There is no new thing under the sun” (Eccles. 1:9). It seems that one of these things that is not new is episodes of contention and unbrotherly relations between preachers and congregants. In Spectator No. 468 (16 July 1714), Joseph Addison related the following amusing anecdote:

“I remember an empty pragmatical Fellow in the Country, who upon reading over the whole Duty of Man, had written the Names of several Persons in the Village at the Side of every Sin which is mentioned by that excellent Author; so that he had converted one of the best Books in the World into a Libel against the ‘Squire, Church-wardens, Overseers of the Poor, and all other the most considerable Persons in the Parish. This Book with these extraordinary marginal Notes fell accidentally into the Hands of one who had never seen it before; upon which there arose a current Report that Some body had written a book against the ‘Squire and the whole Parish. The Minister of the Place having at that Time a Controversy with some of his Congregation upon the Account of his Tythes, was under the Suspicion of being the Author…”

It is generally accepted that the “excellent Author” of the anonymously published work that Addison refers to, The Whole Duty of Man (1658), was Richard Allestree (1621/22-1681), a 17^th-century Anglican clergyman. Though it may come as a surprise now, The Whole Duty of Man vied with The Pilgrim’s Progress as the most popular English devotional work of the 17^th and 18^th centuries. It went through countless editions. In my opinion, Whole Duty is much more deserving of that popularity than Bunyan’s tedious work. But it now goes largely unread.

I happen to have in my possession a 1675 edition of another work of Allestree’s entitled The Government of the Tongue. Curiously, the inscription of a former owner on the flyleaf reads as follows: 

Presented to the Pastor

of Zion Tabernacle

Hamilton Ontario, with

a request that he will

read, mark, learn, and

inwardly digest the

contents

                  March 1879

 

Ouch. Indeed, there is no new thing under the sun. Parish politics "hath been already of old time."

 

The Spectacled Avenger's Reading List, 2022

 

Well, here we are, almost a year since I have posted on this blog. As usual, I will apologize. But I will also explain myself. For several years, one things that has been a serious obstacle to keeping up with this blog has been work: the demands of my professional life have made it difficult to find the time or maintain the energy to contribute to this blog up to a standard I like to hold for myself.

But over the past few years another – equally serious – obstacle has emerged: I work in a university. Moreover, I work in what is the most left-wing university in my country. Universities today have become the most intolerant environments one can find in what used to be called the free world. And for me, someone of a conservative disposition, this means that it has become a dangerous place. I am in the ideological closet, by necessity. There is a very real fear that something appearing on this blog, however anodyne by current standards of online political discourse, could make my career untenable.

This has had an effect on the content of the blog. In the old days I explored political ideas and put forth opinions here that I dare not do now. Instead, I find myself to have mainly adopted the persona of the harmless antiquarian. This keeps me out of trouble. But I must admit, blogging is simply not as much fun anymore. It does not give me the kind of release I used to appreciate from blogging.

So I will be re-thinking whether The Spectacled Avenger is still a viable project. I have this post, and about three more lined up, so we’ll see how it goes after that. Now, to the post…

As is the custom, I give below the list of books I read during the previous year, with ones I particularly enjoyed in bold. In terms of patterns, it looks like I read a fair amount of 17^th-century English prose (Bacon, Browne, Cudworth, Donne, Felltham, John Smith). The Scottish Enlightenment was also well-represented (Hutcheson, Kames, Robertson, Adam Smith).

 

*          *          *          *          *

 

ANONYMOUS. The Parliamentary Register; or History of the Proceedings and Debates of the House of Commons (Vol. XVII). London: J. Debrett, 1785. 

ANONYMOUS. Quoniam Attachiamenta. T. D. Fergus (ed. and trans.). Edinburgh: Stair Society, 1996. 

BACON, Sir Francis. The Essayes or Counsels, Civill and Morall. London: John Haviland, 1625 (facsimile, Menston, UK: Scolar Press, 1971). 

BENTHAM, Jeremy. An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation. J. H. Burns and H. L. A. Hart (eds.). London: Athlone Press, 1970. 

BOLINGBROKE, Henry St. John, Viscount. Letters and Correspondence, Public and Private (Vol. IV). Gilbert Parke (ed.). London: G. G. and J. Robinson, 1798. 

BOURINOT, Sir John George. Parliamentary Procedure and Practice in the Dominion of Canada (3^rd edition). Toronto: Canada Law Book Company, 1903. 

BROWNE, Sir Thomas. The Works of Sir Thomas Browne (Vol. II: Pseudodoxia Epidemica). Geoffrey Keynes (ed.). London: Faber and Faber, 1964. 

BUCHANAN, James M. and Gordon TULLOCK. The Calculus of Consent (Selected Works of Gordon Tullock, Vol. 2). Charles K. Rowley (ed.). Indianapolis, IN: Liberty Fund, 2004. 

BUCHANAN, James M. and Richard E. WAGNER. Democracy in Deficit: The Political Legacy of Lord Keynes (Collected Works of James M. Buchanan, Vol. 8). Indianapolis, IN: Liberty Fund, 2000. 

BURKE, Edmund. Reflections on the Revolution in France. London: J. Dodsley, 1790. 

COUPLAND, Douglas. Player One: What Is to Become of Us (CBC Massey Lectures). Toronto: House of Anansi Press, 2010. 

COUPLAND, Douglas. Life after God. New York: Washington Square Press, 1994. 

CUDWORTH, Ralph. A Treatise of Freewill. John Allen (ed.). London: John W. Parker, 1848. 

DAVIES, Robertson. The Rebel Angels. Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin Books, 1983. 

DONNE, John. Devotions Upon Emergent Occasions. Anthony Raspa (ed.). Montreal and London: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1975. 

DRURY, John (ed.). The New Testament: The Authorized or King James Version of 1611. New York: Everyman’s Library, 1998. 

DRYDEN, John. The Works of John Dryden (Vol. V: The Works of Virgil in English, 1697). William Frost and Vinton A. Dearing (eds.). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1987. 

DRYDEN, John. The Works of John Dryden (Vol. VI: The Works of Virgil in English, 1697). William Frost and Vinton A. Dearing (eds.). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1987. 

ERSKINE MAY, Thomas. A Treatise upon the Law, Privileges, Proceedings and Usage of Parliament. London: Charles Knight & Co., 1844. 

FELLTHAM, Owen. Resolves: Divine, Morall, Politicall (3^rd edition). London: Henry Seile, 1628 (facsimile, Amsterdam: Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, 1975). 

FIELDING, Henry. A Journey from This World to the Next. London: Everyman’s Library, 1973. 

FRANCIS, Philip. The Letters of Junius. John Cannon (ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978. 

FRONTO, Marcus Cornelius. Correspondence (Vol. II). C. R. Haines (trans.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1929. 

GALBRAITH, John Kenneth. The Great Crash, 1929. Boston: Mariner Books, 1997. 

GASKELL, Philip. A New Introduction to Bibliography. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972. 

GELLIUS, Aulus. Attic Nights (Vol. III). John C. Rolfe (trans.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993. 

GROSSMAN, Dave. On Killing: The Psychological Cost of Learning to Kill in War and Society. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1996. 

HAYEK, Friedrich A. The Road to Serfdom (Collected Works of F. A. Hayek, Vol. 2). Bruce Caldwell (ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007. 

HAYEK. Friedrich A. The Constitution of Liberty. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1960. 

 HAYEK, Friedrich A. The Fatal Conceit: The Errors of Socialism (Collected Works of F. A. Hayek, Vol. 1). Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988. 

HODDER, Edwin. The Life and Work of the Seventh Earl of Shaftesbury, K. G. (Vol. I). London: Cassell and Company, 1886. 

HODDER, Edwin. The Life and Work of the Seventh Earl of Shaftesbury, K. G. (Vol. II). London: Cassell and Company, 1886. 

HODDER, Edwin. The Life and Work of the Seventh Earl of Shaftesbury, K. G. (Vol. III). London: Cassell and Company, 1886. 

HUTCHESON, Francis. A System of Moral Philosophy (Vol. I). Glasgow: R. and A. Foulis, 1755 (facsimile, Hildesheim: Georg Olms, 1969). 

JUSTINIAN. The Digest of Justinian (Vol. 1). Alan Watson (ed.). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1998. 

KAMES, Henry Home, Lord. Sketches of the History of Man (Vol. II). James A. Harris (ed.). Indianapolis, IN: Liberty Fund, 2007. 

KATZ, Arthur M. Life after Nuclear War: The Economic and Social Impacts of Nuclear Attacks on the United States. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger Publishing Company, 1982. 

LOYSEAU, Charles. A Treatise of Orders and Plain Dignities. Howell A. Lloyd (trans.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994. 

LUCIAN. Works (Vol. VII: Dialogues of the Dead, etc.). M. D. Macleod (trans.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1961. 

MANDEVILLE, Barnard. The Fable of the Bees: Or, Private Vices, Publick Benefits (Vol. I). F. B. Kaye (ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1924. 

MENCKEN, H. L. Prejudices: First, Second, and Third Series. New York: Library of America, 2010. 

MENCKEN, H. L. Prejudices: Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth Series. New York: Library of America, 2010. 

MILEVSKY, Moshe Arye. The Day the King Defaulted: Financial Lessons from the Stop of the Exchequer in 1672. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017. 

MISES, Richard von. Probability, Statistics and Truth. New York: Dover Publications, 1981. 

MUSONIUS RUFUS. That One Should Disdain Hardships: The Teachings of a Roman Stoic. Cora E. Lutz (trans.). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2020. 

NARVESON, Jan. The Libertarian Idea. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 1988. 

PINCOURT, Charles and James LINDSAY. Counter Wokecraft: A Field Manual for Combatting the Woke in the University and Beyond. Orlando, FL: New Discourses, 2021. 

POPE, Alexander. The Rape of the Lock and Other Poems (Poems of Alexander Pope, Vol. II). Geoffrey Tillotson (ed.). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1962. 

POPE, Alexander. An Essay on Man (Poems of Alexander Pope, Vol. III-i). Maynard Mack (ed.). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1964. 

RAND, Ayn. Atlas Shrugged. New York: Plume, 2005. 

RICARDO, David. On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation. Piero Sraffa (ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1951. 

ROBERTSON, William. The Works of William Robertson, D. D. (Vol. I: History of Scotland). London: Cadell and Davies et al., 1817. 

ROBERTSON, William. The Works of William Robertson, D. D. (Vol. II: History of Scotland). London: Cadell and Davies et al., 1817. 

ROBERTSON, William. The Works of William Robertson, D. D. (Vol. III: History of Scotland). London: Cadell and Davies et al., 1817. 

ROBERTSON, William. The Works of William Robertson, D. D. (Vol. IV: History of the Reign of Charles V). London: Cadell and Davies et al., 1817. 

RUSKIN, John. Præterita and Dilecta. New York: Everyman’s Library, 2005. 

SCHELLING, Thomas C. The Strategy of Conflict. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1980. 

SCHOPENHAUER, Arthur. Essays and Aphorisms. R. J. Hollingdale (trans.). Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin, 2004. 

SHAFTESBURY, Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3^rd Earl of. Characteristicks of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times (Vol. III). Indianapolis, IN: Liberty Fund, 2000. 

SHAKESPEARE, William. The Tempest. John Munro (ed.). London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1958. 

SHAKESPEARE, William. Richard the Second. John Munro (ed.). London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1958. 

SHAKESPEARE, William. Titus Andronicus. John Munro (ed.). London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1958. 

SHELLENBERGER, Michael. San Fransicko: Why Progressives Ruin Cities. New York: Harper, 2021. 

SMITH, Adam. Essays on Philosophical Subjects. London: T. Cadell Jun. and W. Davies, 1795 (facsimile, Hildesheim: Georg Olms, 1982). 

SMITH, John. Select Discourses. London: W. Morden, 1660. 

SPARTIANUS, Aelius et al. Scriptores Historiae Augustae (Vol. I). David Magie (trans.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1991. 

THOMPSON, Sir D’Arcy Wentworth. On Growth and Form (abridged edition). J. T. Bonner (ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1961. 

THORSRUD, Harald. Ancient Scepticism. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009. 

TOCQUEVILLE, Alexis de. Democracy in America (Vol. I). Phillips Bradley (ed.). New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1980. 

TOCQUEVILLE, Alexis de. Democracy in America (Vol. II). Phillips Bradley (ed.). New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1980. 

WILLIAMS, Bernard. Ethics and the Limits of Philosophy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University press, 1985. 

WITTGENSTEIN, Ludwig. Private Notebooks, 1914-1916. Marjorie Perloff (ed.). New York: Liveright Publishing, 2022. 

WITTGENSTEIN, Ludwig. Zettel. G. E. M. Anscombe and G. H. von Wright (eds.). Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1967. 

WORTLEY MONTAGU, Lady Mary. Letters. New York: Everyman’s Library, 1992. 

 

Notes & Queries: Bird of Liberty

Hint: It's not him.

Repeat visitors to this blog will know that The Spectacled Avenger’s favourite book is Lord Shaftesbury’s Characteristicks of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times. I have a particular fascination with the engravings commissioned for the second edition (1714), executed by Simon Gribelin. These consisted of a large frontispiece plate for each of the three volumes of the work, with elaborate headpiece engravings designed for the individual treatises that comprise its entirety. Most (but not all) of these engravings have a tripartite structure, and all of them are intended as emblematic illustrations of key parts of the text.

I was lately pondering the significance of the storks in the bottom panel of the triptych to the plate for Volume I:

Why storks? They must have some significance. In interpreting the meaning of Shaftesbury’s emblems, there are, generally speaking, two loci classici. One is the so-called “Virtuoso-Coppy Book” or set of detailed instructions that Shaftesbury sent from Naples (where he was dying) to Gribelin in London. The second is a 1974 paper by Felix Paknadel, “Shaftesbury’s Illustrations of Characteristics”.

Turning to Paknadel, here is what he notes about this panel:

“Shaftesbury had thought of the picture of ‘a boy holding the cap of Liberty in a triumphing manner’, but then decided to keep the boys for the ‘treatise plates’, which were to be of a lighter character. The lower border represents social harmony [on one side ‘two right hands meeting and clasped’ above the three altars of different forms; on the other side, the emblems of music] and prosperity, mainly in the oval frame [night and day-the face of Apollo at the top, that of Diana at the bottom abundance reigns-cornucopias, a vine growing up a tree, the Rotundo and a ‘palace in good repair’, the caduceus with two wings, the two storks ‘which with their wings seem to support the work above’]. The motto ‘FEL.TEM.’ is the abbreviation of ‘Felicia Tempora’…. The social implication of the whole emblem is clear. Freedom, maintained by a wise ruler, breeds social harmony and fosters the development of civilization.” (p. 299)

No enlightenment here; just the laconic mention that the storks exist and that they support the larger panel above it (not reproduced here). As a gloss, this is no more informative than the “Virtuoso-Coppy-Book”, indeed, it simply reproduces the relevant passage from the Copy-Book. The latter also fails to explain the significance of the storks, though it does mention that they are significant (“essential”):

“Note that in the mere Grotesque-Work of this Under-Border there are four Pieces essential viz^t. The Two Storks which with their Wings seem to support the Work above, and between their allmost joyning Bills (just at the Top the Oval frame-Work) the Head or rather Face of an APOLLO…” (Virtuoso-Coppy-Book 184)

(Sadly, it is worth mentioning that the design for this Volume I frontispiece is the only one for which Shaftesbury lived to see Gribelin’s finished plate.)

Now, it often happens that one cannot “read” one of these plates in isolation from the others. In this case, for reasons I won’t elaborate on here, it bears a relationship to the bottom panel of the triptych to the plate for Volume III. Suffice to say that, whereas the former illustrates the fruits of political and religious liberty, this one is meant to illustrate the evils of a policy of tyranny, superstition, and religious bigotry. Here is that panel:

 

 

 

 The twin storks in the earlier panel have been replaced with

“two metamorphos’d Human Forms which seem of a female Kind and serve as Supporters, back to back, against the Frame-Work, [and] must appear blind-folded.” (Virtuoso-Coppy-Book 154)

Here is Paknadel’s gloss:

“The results of such a policy are shown in the oval frame. [The ancient monuments are tumbling down; day is turned into night, birds of bad omen are flying; the vine has become a bare tree. The faces of Apollo and Diana are replaced by those of Ignorance at the top and Stupidity at the bottom; the storks by two blinded females. The motto is now EN QUO, the abbreviation meaning ‘Behold, whither are we brought! To what state reduced!’]” (pp. 304-305)

I did recently chance upon a rather obscure connection between the above-mentioned “birds of bad omen” and storks. In his posthumous Select Discourses (1660), the Cambridge Platonist philosopher John Smith (1618-1652) makes the following remark: “as Aelian observes of the Stork, that if the Night-owle chanceth to sit upon her eggs, they become presently as it were υπηνεμια, and all incubation rendred impotent and ineffectual” (p. 7). (The reference is to Book I.37 of Aelian’s De natura animalium.)

Now, this is all very interesting, one supposes. But still my question persists: why storks? If he simply needed some creature as mere ornament to frame the head of Apollo, presumably any bird would do. Why not eagles? Or roosters? Shaftesbury doesn’t tell us, and Paknadel makes no attempt to decode the symbolism of the storks, if indeed there is any.

In my experience, when in need of information about the traditional lore of the natural world, it is often helpful to reach for Pliny, or, failing that, to pull Sir Thomas Browne (1605-1682) from the shelves. Lo and behold, in the latter’s Pseudodoxia Epidemica (1646, last revision 1671), Bk. III, ch. 27, we find out that it was once a commonly held belief that “Storks are to be found, and will only live, in Republikes or free States”. Browne’s work does not appear in Shaftesbury’s library catalogue as it has come down to us, but no doubt he was familiar with the notion.

Incidentally – this entire post has been incidental – we also learn from Browne (Bk. V, ch. 22) that the owl had historically been seen as a harbinger of misfortune, and by extension had in his time become emblematic of superstition.

 

Bibliography

BROWNE, Sir Thomas. The Works of Sir Thomas Browne (Vol. II: Pseudodoxia Epidemica). Geoffrey Keynes (ed.). London: Faber and Faber, 1964.

PAKNADEL, Felix. “Shaftesbury’s Illustrations of Characteristics,” Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 37 (1974), 290-312.

SHAFTESBURY, Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3^rd Earl of. Characteristicks of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times (3 vols.). Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 2001.

—— PRO 30/24/24/13. (“Virtuoso-Coppy-Book”, consisting of Shaftesbury’s instructions for the engravings in Characteristicks.) Reproduced in Standard Edition (Vol. I,3), Wolfram Benda (ed.). Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt: Friedrich Fromman Verlag, 1992. 

—— PRO 30/24/23/12. (“Catalogus Librorum Anglicorum, Gallicorum, Italicorum etc…. Anno Ærae Christianæ 1709”, catalogue of works in vernacular languages in Shaftesbury’s libraries in Chelsea and St. Giles.)

SMITH, John. Select Discourses. London: J. Flesher for W. Morden, 1660.

The Spectacled Avenger's Reading List, 2021

Well, it’s that time again, when I post the list of books I’ve read over the previous year and try to find patterns in it all.

First off, I read about 20 more books in 2021 than I had in 2020. I attribute this to a somewhat more normal lifestyle, without strict COVID lockdowns. I personally felt a bit bewildered in 2020 and I had a difficult time concentrating. I read less, and when I did read, it seemed to go more slowly. Plus, under normal circumstances I would get much of my reading done on the subway commute to work; I didn’t have that commute for most of 2020. (The commute returned in late September 2021, which resulted in a late surge on the reading list below. But I am back in lockdown now, so we shall see how it all pans out…)

However, upon reflection, I think I have to admit that my reading was not as enjoyable in 2021 as it has been in previous years. As usual, I bold the books that I particularly enjoyed, and there is not nearly as much bolding on the list below.

As for patterns, let me see…. One that jumps out is the number of books from or about the Scottish Enlightenment (Beattie, Carlyle, Hume, Hutcheson, Kames, Raphael, Smith), to which one might add a sprinkling of French authors (Rousseau, Voltaire). I read three books about Richard III  or his age (Drewett and Redhead, Gross, Mancini). Also, there was the usual legal history theme (Boyer, Coke, Finch, Holdsworth, Horne, Kent, Plucknett).

Otherwise, rather than patterns in terms of subject matter, there is a heavy preponderance of works by certain authors: I read four volumes of Burnet’s History of His Own Time, all three books in Robertson Davies’ “Deptford Trilogy”, and three books by Adam Smith.

There are two additional things not reflected on the list below, but which might show up on next year’s list: I have been reading some literature by the Cambridge Platonists. Two works are on this list (Cudworth, Whichcote), but Cudworth’s True Intellectual System of the Universe – a long work – is in progress. Also in progress, and related to the Scottish Enlightenment theme, I am working my way through some historical literature on Scots law: Sir Thomas Hope’s Major Practicks (in two volumes), Lord Stair’s Institutions of the Law of Scotland, and Lord Bankton’s An Institute of the Laws of Scotland (in three volumes). These are long and dense works and will take considerable time to get through.

*          *          *          * 

AXELROD. Robert. The Evolution of Cooperation (revised edition). Cambridge, MA: Basic Books, 2006.

BEATTIE, James. An Essay on the Nature and Immutability of Truth; in Opposition to Sophistry and Scepticism. Edinburgh: A. Kincaid and J. Bell, 1770.

BLOOM, Allan. The Closing of the American Mind. New York: Touchstone Books, 1988.

BOLINGBROKE, Henry St. John, Viscount. The Works (Vol. IV). David Mallet (ed.). London, 1754 (facsimile, Hildesheim: Georg Olms, 1968).

BOYER, Allen D. (ed.). Law, Liberty, and Parliament: Selected Essays on the Writings of Sir Edward Coke. Indianapolis, IN: Liberty Fund, 2004.

BREADY, J. Wesley. Lord Shaftesbury and Social-Industrial Progress. London: George Allen and Unwin, 1928.

BROWN, John. Essays on the Characteristics of the Earl of Shaftesbury. London: C. Davis, 1751.

BURNET, Gilbert. Bishop Burnet’s History of His Own Time (Vol. II). Martin Joseph Routh (ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1833.

BURNET, Gilbert. Bishop Burnet’s History of His Own Time (Vol. III). Martin Joseph Routh (ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1833.

BURNET, Gilbert. Bishop Burnet’s History of His Own Time (Vol. IV). Martin Joseph Routh (ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1833.

BURNET, Gilbert. Bishop Burnet’s History of His Own Time (Vol. V). Martin Joseph Routh (ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1833.

BYNKERSHOEK, Cornelius van. De Dominio Maris Dissertatio. James Brown Scott (trans.). New York: Oceana Publications, 1964.

CARLYLE, Alexander. Anecdotes and Characters of the Times. James Kinsley (ed.). London: Oxford University Press, 1973.

COKE, Sir Edward. The Reports of Sir Edward Coke, Knt. in Thirteen Parts (Vol. II: Parts III-IV). London: Joseph Butterworth and Son, 1826.

CUDWORTH, Ralph. A Sermon Preached before the Honourable House of Commons at Westminster, March 31, 1647. Cambridge: Roger Daniel, 1647 (facsimile, New York: Facsimile Text Society, 1930).

DAVIES, Robertson. Fifth Business. Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin Books, 2005.

DAVIES, Robertson. The Manticore. Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin Books, 2005.

DAVIES, Robertson. World of Wonders. Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin Books, 2005.

DREWETT, Richard and Mark REDHEAD. The Trial of Richard III. Gloucester, UK: Alan Sutton,1987.

FINCH, Sir Henry. Law, or, a Discourse thereof. Danby Pickering (trans.). London: Henry Lintot, 1759 (facsimile, New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1969).

FITZGERALD, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. New York: Scribner Classics, 1992.

GRANT, George. Lament for a Nation: The Defeat of Canadian Nationalism (40^th anniversary edition). Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2005.

GROSS, Anthony. The Dissolution of the Lancastrian Kingship: Sir John Fortescue and the Crisis of the Monarchy in Fifteenth-Century England. Stamford, UK: Paul Watkins, 1996.

HAMILTON, Alexander and James MADISON. The Pacificus-Helvidius Debates of 1793-1794. Indianapolis, IN: Liberty Fund, 2007.

HAYEK, Friedrich. Individualism and Economic Order. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1948.

HEINECCIUS, Johann Gottlieb. A Methodical System of Universal Law: Or, the Laws of Nature and Nations. George Turnbull (trans.). Indianapolis, IN: Liberty Fund, 2008.

HOLDSWORTH, William S. Charles Dickens as a Legal Historian. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1929.

HORNE, Andrew. The Mirrour of Justices. Washington, DC: John Byrne and Company, 1903.

HUME, David. An Enquiry concerning Human Understanding. Tom L. Beauchamp (ed.) Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2001.

HUTCHESON, Francis. Thoughts on Laughter and Observations on the Fable of the Bees. Glasgow: Robert and Andrew Foulis, 1758 (facsimile, Bristol, UK: Thoemmes, 1989).

HUTCHINSON, Lucy. Memoirs of the Life of Colonel Hutchinson. James Sutherland (ed.). London: Oxford University Press, 1973.

JAMES, William. Pragmatism. New York: Dover Publications, 1995.

KAMES, Henry Home, Lord. Sketches of the History of Man (Vol. I). James A. Harris (ed.). Indianapolis, IN: Liberty Fund, 2007.

KENT, James. Commentaries on American Law (Vol. I). New York: O. Halsted, 1826.

KENT, James. Commentaries on American Law (Vol. II). New York: O. Halsted, 1827.

KLEIN, Lawrence E. Shaftesbury and the Culture of Politeness: Moral Discourse and Cultural Politics in Early Eighteenth-Century England. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.

KLEMPERER, Victor. The Language of the Third Reich – LTI: Lingua Tertii Imperii. Martin Brady (trans.). London: The Athlone Press, 2000.

KYD, Thomas. The Spanish Tragedy. J. R. Mulryne (ed.). New York: W. W. Norton, 1989.

LUCIAN. Works (Vol. II). A. M. Harmon (trans.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1968.

MANCINI, Dominic. The Usurpation of Richard III. C. A. J. Armstrong (trans.). Gloucester, UK: Alan Sutton, 1989.

McINERNY, Ralph. Ethica Thomistica: The Moral Philosophy of Thomas Aquinas. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 1982.

McKENZIE, Richard B. and Gordon TULLOCK. The New World of Economics (6^th edition). Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 2012.

NIETZSCHE, Friedrich. Beyond Good and Evil / The Genealogy of Morality (Complete Works, Vol. 8). Adrian Del Caro (trans.). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2014.

NOZICK. Robert. Anarchy, State, and Utopia. New York: Basic Books, 1974.

PEPYS, Samuel. The Diary of Samuel Pepys (Vol. VII: 1666). Robert Latham and William Matthews (eds.). Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972.

PLATIAS, Athanassios G. and Constantinos KOLIOPOULOS. Thucydides on Strategy: Grand Strategies in the Peloponnesian War and their Relevance Today. New York: Columbia University Press, 2010.

PLUCKNETT, Theodore F. T. A Concise History of the Common Law (5^th edition). Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1956.

PLUTARCH. Lives (Vol. I). John Dryden (trans.). London: Folio Society, 2010.

PULTENEY. William and Henry St. John, Viscount BOLINGBROKE. The Craftsman (Vol. IV). London: R. Francklin.

PULTENEY. William and Henry St. John, Viscount BOLINGBROKE. The Craftsman (Vol. V). London: R. Francklin.

RAPHAEL, D. D. The Impartial Spectator: Adam Smith’s Moral Philosophy. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2007.

RICHARDSON, Samuel. Clarissa (Vol. II). London: Dent, 1968.

ROSS, Sir David. Kant’s Ethical Theory. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1954.

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