My Biggest Peacetime Sacrifice

Back in January, I received a summons to appear for jury selection. For certain reasons which I won’t elaborate on here (but which included beginning a new job while still doing the old one), the timing was extremely inconvenient. However, as my situation did not neatly fall under any of the exemption categories, I duly appeared at the courthouse at 8:30am one Monday in March.

According to the summons, jury selection could take a maximum of one week. If I were actually chosen to serve on a jury, that of course would be a different matter. My real hope was that I would not be chosen.

The Jury Room

At the beginning of the first day, there were about three hundred of us crowded into a large room that was very reminiscent of the boarding area of an airport in an underdeveloped country. We were all assigned to four different groups or panels, each identified by a colour (I was in the red panel). We then had an orientation, the first part of which consisted of being shown a film. The film was not very enlightening, and was mostly a propaganda piece consisting of repeated assertions of the importance of the jury system and one’s participation in it, and how it is “one of the pillars of our democracy”. This was followed by a lecture from a court officer, again explaining how important the jury system is and that it’s a pillar of our democracy. He also made it crystal clear that none of us would be paid for our time. Interestingly, he tried to disabuse us of the widely-held belief that once you receive a summons, you are on “The List” and will be repeatedly called to serve. This, he implied, is an urban legend and not to be believed. Here, a hundred or so chuckles rippled across the room. It turns out from my various conversations with my fellow panelists that most of them had served three or four times (it was the fifth time for one of them). This is very different from a sample take from among my acquaintances in the world at large, most of whom have never received a summons, or have been summoned only once (so far).

After orientation, we waited. And waited. The court officers spent most of this time processing all the people who had excuses not to serve. I thoroughly wished I was one of them. At around 11:30am, three of the four panel colours were called up to the courtroom. My red group was not called. So we waited. And waited. Eventually, we were released for our 1-hour lunch break. We were told there was a cafeteria downstairs, so that’s were most of us went. This was a mistake. The cafeteria did not have the capacity to serve a couple of hundred prospective jurors, along with the regular lunchtime influx of court staff and lawyers. Most of my lunch hour was spent in a lineup. The food was dismal, the seating area was far too small and without any natural light, and probably hadn’t seen any significant change in decor since the courthouse was built in 1967.

After lunch, I returned to the jury room. I waited. And waited. Mostly I read. I tried to do some work on my laptop, but the free wi-fi was so slow as to be non-existent for all practical purposes. (I later figured out that I could get some work done if I arrived early in the morning, though once others gradually trickled in, the wi-fi would slow down to a crawl.)

At the end of Day One, nothing had happened. On the bright side, I had read about a third of Pride and Prejudice.

On Day Two, I waited. And I waited. I managed to log onto the internet to check my work e-mail just long enough to see the problems piling up, but not long enough for me to do anything about them. This added to a certain inner panic I felt throughout the entire jury selection process. My previous day’s experience with the cafeteria was not to be borne again. Fortunately, I found a pub across the street and ate (and drank) there. Then it was back to the jury room, where my boredom was somewhat alleviated by the glow of the alcohol I had consumed at the pub. Reading Jane Austen with a mild buzz is something worth experiencing.

In the orientation the previous day, we had been led to believe that our day ended at 4:30pm. Hence, as 4:00pm approached on Day Two, I was naturally getting ready to go home. I even began to hope that I would not be selected at all. So you can imagine my dismay when we were all just then called up to the courtroom.

The Courtroom

I wasn’t quite sure what was to happen in the courtroom, but we were told that we couldn’t wear hats, possess electronic devices like phones (this latter rule was largely disregarded, from what I could see), or chew gum. We were to rise when the judge entered, and we were to address her as “Your Honour”. It was like being back in public school — back in the days when there was discipline and order in schools.

When the judge had entered and we were all seated again, we were treated to another speech that by this point was becoming far too familiar: the jury system is the pillar of our democracy, blah, blah, blah… If the jury system is so wonderful, why the regular necessity to remind us of how wonderful it is? Methinks the lady doth protest too much.

To this familiar refrain the judge added a new and more inflated claim:

“Jury duty is the probably the most important peacetime sacrifice any of you will be asked to make”.

This I frankly found insulting to my intelligence. As I whispered to the gentleman sitting next to me, I would have thought that handing over a third of my earnings every year to the tax man at the gunpoint of the state’s coercive apparatus was arguably a bigger sacrifice. At least once I’ve served on a jury they can’t call me back for three years; the taxman always cometh, and his taxes must be paid — in seemingly ever increasing amounts — each and every year until I die.

Then came the arraignment. The charges were read and the accused pled not guilty (he was up for peddling heroin). It was at this point that the jury selection began. Juror numbers were drawn from a drum and called out, along with the juror’s occupation and the borough they resided in. This latter was strange and, in the context of Toronto, very archaic. The various parts of Toronto had not been called boroughs since I was a child. Again, it was a little like being back in school. Up until about grade three (around 1983, if you must know) I went to a public school where all the pencils, erasers, and notebooks were stamped “Borough of York Board of Education”. From then until the mid-1990s it was called “The City of York”, after which, amalgamation happened, and all the former boroughs/cities were simply swallowed up into the City of Toronto.

The jurors were drawn in groups of 25. Two such groups were selected before the judge ended proceedings for the day.

On Day Three we were back in the courtroom, where jury selection continued. My name was one of the last to be drawn, so I was in the final group of 25. I took this to be a good omen, signifying that I would not be selected for this trial. So it was…

Back to the Jury Room, Where

I waited. And I waited. I went for lunch at the pub, then came back and sat in the jury room, enjoying the buzz from my lunchtime potations. I finished Pride and Prejudice. Nothing further happened that day and I was sent home.

On Day Four I was back in the jury room, where I waited. And I waited…

Back to the Courtroom

At about 11:00am we were called up to the courtroom for another trial. The good news was that this was the last trial on the docket, so if we weren’t selected, we could go home and not return for at least three years. It was a different judge this time, but we were again treated to exactly the same speech about the jury system being the pillar of our democracy and jury duty being the biggest peacetime sacrifice, etc. Here I though to myself, “If the jury system is so integral to our democracy, why is it that so many perfectly good democracies, some of them arguably better than ours, do not have a jury system at all?” The thought seemed heretical somehow, and yet I couldn’t refute it. Since I had to assume that the judge was an intelligent and well-educated man, I wondered whether he really believed in the snake oil he peddled in his boilerplate sales pitch.

This trial involved two accused whose last names ended in vowels, and who were arraigned for activities typically associated with a certain kind of Italian “social club”. The older and more portly of the two gentleman required the services of a translator (though at a subsequent lunch hour downstairs from the courtroom, I overheard him speaking perfectly serviceable English with his lawyer). He looked a bit like this guy, but with whiter hair:

Fat Tony

The younger of the two gentlemen had the requisite broken nose and single eyebrow. To put it bluntly, they both looked their respective parts.

As I said, I had no desire to be selected for jury duty. I was also given to understand that during the “challenge” part of the process, I would have to stand eye-to-eye in front of these two violent goombahs. I also ruminated on how easy the odds must be of paying off just one of the army of officers and clerks working at the courthouse, in order to extract information about jurors if one wanted. Hence, I was even less eager to serve on this particular jury.

In fact, I had worked out a nice little spiel I would launch into if questioned by the judge or a lawyer about whether I could serve impartially:

JUDGE: “Are there any reasons you feel you could not serve on this jury in an impartial manner, and without bias?”

ME [with a slightly indignant air]: “Yes, your Honour. My grandparents immigrated to this country from Italy. They were hard-working and law-abiding people, and because of the prejudices they faced, they instilled in me a deep dislike of criminal-types such as the accused.”

JUDGE: “Thank you, juror number 12345. You are excused.”

My spiel would have been true, incidentally, though rather precious and self-serving under the circumstances.

To return to the proceedings. Our numbers were drawn at random into panels of 20. This time my number came up somewhere in the middle of the pack, so I had an actual chance of being selected. I began mentally practicing “the spiel”. When I walked up to the bench, the counsel for the accused — a sort of blond lawyer-Barbie — smiled at me. I immediately knew this was a test, so I scowled back at her. I was aiming for a peremptory challenge, my sort of get-out-of-jail-free card, releasing me from this whole ordeal. I would give no encouragement for her to select me.

Our panel of 20 was taken to a different, much smaller courtroom. We weren’t there for very long before about half of us were skimmed off and taken to a sort of lounge area. Shortly after that, half of us were skimmed off again and taken into a tiny meeting room. It was an intimate group, so we talked a lot, mostly comparing noted about our experiences over the course of the week.

Then, a court officer came in and took three of us out into the hallway, where we sat in chairs in our assigned order, just outside the courtroom door. I was the middle person of the three. The person before me was taken into the courtroom. Meanwhile, while I engaged in some nervous banter with the person after me. In about five minutes, the officer returned and led us back into the tiny meeting room, where we waited some more.

Finally, the court officer came back and said he had some good news and some bad news. Good news: we could all go home, and we could take tomorrow (Friday) off. Bad news: we were required to return on Monday.

At this point I frankly lost my cool. Keep in mind that the wording of my summons seemed to imply that I would only be there for the week. Unless selected for jury duty, I was expecting to return to my normal life the following week. I had come to the end of my patience with being dragged from room to room, having my valuable time wasted in endless waiting, and being told next to nothing about what was going on. I have little talent for being treated like a child, and so I angrily demanded answers from the court officer about what was going on and why we had to return. It seems that anger is the best way to be treated like an adult, for it produced answers (however unsatisfactory).

What I was told was that they had selected their jury of 12 people plus two alternates. However, they wanted us back in case any of them died, disappeared, or failed to show up for trial on Monday. Given the dubious vocations of the accused, and having watched The Sopranos more than once, this seemed like a distinct possibility. However, I asked how often such a thing happens, and he said “almost never”. He said we could expect to be there on Monday only until 11:00am “at the very latest”.

So with that, I returned home, went to work on Friday to clean up some of the dumpster fires that had been burning in my absence, and tried to enjoy my weekend. On Monday, Day Five, I returned to

The Lounge Area

that I had experience briefly the day before. Those of us from my panel of 20 were seated in our order at the front of the room, waiting to be called. Since I had been led to believe that the call wouldn’t come, I was really waiting to be dismissed. And I was led to expect dismissal sooner rather than later.

Well, it turns out that the “almost never” had happened: One of the jurors was a no-show. So we waited. And waited…

Many of us were getting very impatient, the mood perhaps edging close to mutiny. 11:00am became 11:30am. Some demanded answers. We were told that the lawyers were busying themselves in arguing over whether or not they could proceed with the 12 jurors plus one alternate, or whether they needed to select a second alternate. 11:30am became 12:00pm. It was nerve-wracking for me, as I was next-but-one to be summoned into the courtroom, should they decide to seek another alternate. The great majority of the other prospective jurors in the room must have been experiencing a different kind of frustration: since there was effectively no chance that they would be summoned to the courtroom, they were there for literally no good reason.

At 12:30pm they finally told us we could all go home. I went to work, to put out more dumpster fires.

I am now done, Dear Reader, trying your patience with this long narrative of my experience with the hallowed institution we call “the jury system”. The tale has been a Seinfeldian one, in that it ended up being about nothing.

From the personal view of the jury system, I will turn in the next post to a critique of the system from a more objective viewpoint to address the following question: “If, as the judges told me, this was my biggest peacetime sacrifice, was it a worthwhile one?”

Pseudoscience and Serial Killing

We now know that, for many years, there was a serial killer operating in Toronto, preying on men in an area locally known as the “gay village”. The perpetrator has, it seems, now been caught. There is much debate on whether or not the police conducted a competent investigation, or whether the killer could have been caught earlier had Toronto’s finest taken the killings seriously. I will not enter that debate.

Instead, I’d like to comment on a rather sensational Toronto Star article headlined “Ph.D candidate profiled potential serial killer in gay village in July 2016”. In reality, it is the story of pseudoscience and a poor grasp of logic on the part of many practitioners of the journalist’s “profession”.

Sasha Reid is a University of Toronto PhD candidate. The article seems to imply that she has been a PhD candidate for 11 years, but that can’t be right. In any case, as a sort of side project to take her mind off her primary doctoral research (she studies serial murder), she has built a database of over 8,000 missing persons in Canada. The data she collected seemed to point to connections between some missing persons cases in the gay village. She profiled the suspected killer and brought it to police in July 2017. They seem to have done little with it, and probably for good reason, as we’ll see.

According to the article, the killer Reid profiled would possess the following seven characteristics, which we might treat as predictions

       1. Man.
       2. Blue collar job.
       3. “Somebody with a history of violence, at least a criminal record.”
       4. No college or university degree.
       5. “They’d be burying the bodies outside or somewhere in the home, like in their home, where they have access to it”.
       6. A little over 30.
       7. Person of colour.

The Toronto Star article tried to spin this story to portray Ms. Reid as a neglected genius who got it all right, if only the police had listened. This narrative is consistent with that newspaper’s overall critical attitude toward the way police conducted their investigation. As I said, I am not informed enough to judge — though I am tempted to grant a certain amount of deference to detectives, who after all know much more about such matters than do armchair critics like me. My point, as I hope to show, is that Ms. Reid is no such genius, and she got much less right than the article implies.

Let us take Reid’s predictions in turn.

Regarding prediction #1, that the killer is a man, I am unimpressed. There was, a priori, a roughly 50/50 chance of getting that one right whatever she guessed. (Perhaps there is a hermaphroditic serial killer somewhere in Toronto, but I’ll wager not.) The chance that the culprit is a man increases dramatically when that probability is conditionalized to reflect the fact that around 85% of known serial killers are male.

Regarding #2 and #4, given the common Hollywood portrayal of serial killers as highly cerebral and intelligent (think Hannibal Lector), Reid’s guesses here seem fairly prescient and informative. However, fictional ones aside, most serial killers are not particularly well-educated, nor are they generally high achievers. Even Ted Bundy, often given as a counter-example to this trend, although technically well-educated, was academically rather underwhelming: he acquired a bachelor’s degree after some seven years or so of study, and barely got into law school with a mediocre LSAT score (he eventually dropped out). The average IQ of a serial killer is just that – average. John Wayne Gacy was a contractor, Jeffrey Dahmer worked in a chocolate factory, and Willy Pickton was ostensibly a pig farmer. With these facts in mind,  #2 and #4 fall rather short of clairvoyance. In the present case, it turns out the actual killer is a landscaper who was hiding bodies in planters. He has no post-secondary education.

Technically, #3 is a tautology. Someone who has killed only once is not a serial killer. He is simply a killer, of the non-serial variety. Accepting the usual definition of a serial killer as someone who has killed three or more people, then by the time a killer earns the “serial” modifier, he must by definition “have a history of violence”. QED. Again, this “prediction” is not very illuminating.

Regarding #5, I’m not sure I even understand what Reid’s words mean. However, I will note the following: First, if I am to bury someone, I must necessarily do so either outside or inside. And if I am to bury someone inside, again, it must necessarily be in a space I have access to; I cannot bury a body using telekinesis. It could be my home, or it could be “like” my home, in the sense that, like my home, I have access to it.

#6 and #7 are important predictions, perhaps the most important of the seven (along with #1, though again, serial killers are almost always men, so that prediction is trivial). If you had to canvass the neighbourhood for witnesses who might have seen the criminal in question, physical characteristics such as age, sex, and race are crucial in identification. Imagine showing a potential witness a police sketch of a black man and asking them if they saw this person at such-and-such a place and time. If the suspect is actually white and a woman, you simply will not catch her on the basis of the sketch. If police are told to look for a black man under 30, and the suspect is actually white and over 65 years old, they will have been led quite far off the scent. They would fail to identify the real culprit as a viable suspect if they were to blindly follow this description.

Unfortunately for Ms. Reid, far off the scent is precisely where she would have led police, had they listened to her, because as it turns out, the killer is a man named Bruce McArthur. Bruce McArthur is not a person of colour around 30 years old. Bruce McArthur is white and a senior citizen. Ironically, since most serial killers are white, if she had been correct about the suspect’s race, these two would have been the more informative of her predictions. Instead, she was spectacularly wrong on both counts.

I would advise Ms. Reid to put aside her amateur detective work and instead concentrate on completing her actual doctoral work, for which she hopefully displays more aptitude. And I would advise the Toronto Star to require more critical thought from its reporters — and not just directed at the police.

Moonlight Mackerel

John Randolph of Roanoke

It is reported of John Randolph of Roanoke (1773-1833) that he once described Henry Clay thus: “He is a man of splendid abilities but utterly corrupt. He shines and stinks, like a rotten mackerel by moonlight.” Though there seems to be some disagreement as to whether it was not actually said of Edward Livingston (1764-1836), it is nevertheless a wonderful image to evoke in connection with those remarkable persons whom we know to possess that uneasy combination of intellectual brilliance and moral vacuity.

Of those stamped with this character, some apply their great talents to execrable ends, while others apply them to admirable ends and achieve great things, but from the rottenest of motives. And sadly, I am of that cynical cast, in that I believe it would not be edifying to look too closely into the motives of even the greatest of men. Reserving the epithet “greatness” only for those who were also reputedly good, I suspect that most of history’s great figures would, upon close inspection, turn out to be such moonlight mackerels.

Hence, despite the fact that I generally find the eccentric Randolph an unpleasant figure, he earns my grudging admiration for that fine quip. History is littered with moonlight mackerels, as is the typical workplace. However, I recently discovered that the image does not originate with him, for I came across the following lines of satyrical verse, from a poem reprinted in Rachel Trickett, The Honest Muse: A Study in Augustan Verse (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1967), p. 295: 

On the Countess of DORCHESTER, 

Mistress to KING JAMES the Second. Written in 1680.

                          So have I seen in Larder dark
                             Of Veal a lucid Loin;
                          Replete with many a brilliant Spark,
                          As wise Philosophers remark,
                             At once both stink and shine.

Here, the shining flesh is veal rather than mackerel, but it’s the same idea.

Or is it? I almost never pollute myself with the filth that is The Daily Mail (or The Daily Fail, as it is referred to in our household). Usually, I would rather drink my own urine than read it. However, I did come across an online article there from February 2016, which carried the following sensational headline: “There’s something fishy going on here! Dead herring glows ‘a scary green light’ that has left the internet baffled”. Apparently a woman in Kazakhstan was frightened to find that the fish she was preparing for dinner glowed in the dark.

Now, I know from experience that the internet is easily baffled. And I do have an ongoing pet peeve with media outlets publishing dubious tales of monster fish. I also know that Kazakhstan is a landlocked country, the world’s largest, in fact. Hence, its people may not be entirely familiar with seafood. And an ocean herring would necessarily have travelled a long way to reach her particular dinner plate, and might therefore have smelled a little “high” by the time it reached its destination. The article made suggestions that the fish was radioactive. However, “local health inspectors say the fish was healthy and fit for human consumption and that the supposed glowing, if even true, was nothing to worry about.” The article failed to follow up on why the health inspectors might be so cavalier, and the story immediately returned to the “radioactive fish” angle (pardon the pun). With John Randolph of Roanoke in mind, I decided to use the Google machine to follow up.

Well, according to many reputable sources, including The New Scientist and the Food and Drug Administration, it is not uncommon for dead fish to glow in the dark. The phenomenon — bioluminescence — is caused by certain kinds of bacteria. There seem to be many queries on internet forums by aquarium owners, wondering why their dead fish glow in the dark and whether they need to be worried about it. And it occurs not just in fish. I came across one story where someone was frightened by a glowing object he almost stepped on when he got up in the night. Turns out it was a beef bone which his dog had left lying on the floor. So presumably, it can happen to veal. I don’t know if it happened to the Countess of Dorchester.

The Spectacled Avenger's Reading List, 2017

In keeping with a tradition of long standing on this blog, the first post of the new year is devoted to the list of books I’ve read over the course of the previous year. As usual, if the entry is in bold, it means I particularly enjoyed that book (no reasons provided). If an entry appears more than once, it’s not a mistake; it means I read the book more than once.

One of the joys of this exercise accrues more to me than to you, dear reader. It offers me the opportunity to step back and look at what I was interested in, discern any patterns therein, and compare see how these may have differed from earlier lists.

In looking at the 2017 list, at least two things remain unchanged from 2016: First, relatively little of what I read dates from later than the 19th century. Second, I have continued to read more fiction that has historically been the case. Conspicuous here is my Jane Austen binge. I would include under “fiction” the plays I read, Jacobean or otherwise (Sophocles, Jonson, Shakespeare, Middleton, Ford, Etherege, Vanbrugh). And of course, there’s the poetry (Lydgate, Carew, Rochester, and plenty of Pope).

In terms of differences from previous years, I suppose there are fewer classical authors, though Homer, Horace, Martial, and Sallust are represented. New to the list are the early travelers’ accounts of America (Chastellux, Hamilton, Trollope). I also read a fair amount of Coleridge’s prose, which is passing strange, since I can’t honestly say I enjoyed much of it. 

*        *        *        * 

ADAIR, Douglass. Fame and the Founding Fathers. Trevor Colbourn (ed.). New York: W. W. Norton, 1974.

ADAMS, Abigail. Letters. Edith Gelles (ed.). New York: Library of America, 2016.

ADAMS, John Quincy. Diaries (Vol. I: 1779-1821). David Waldstreicher (ed.). New York: Library of America, 2017.

ADAMS, John Quincy. Diaries (Vol. II: 1821-1848). David Waldstreicher (ed.). New York: Library of America, 2017.

AUSTEN, Jane. Emma. London: Folio Society, 1975.

AUSTEN, Jane. Sense and Sensibility. London: Folio Society, 1975.

AUSTEN, Jane. Persuasion. New York: Everyman's Library, 1992.

AUSTEN, Jane. Mansfield Park. New York: Everyman's Library, 1992.

AUSTEN, Jane. Northanger Abbey. New York: Modern Library, 1995.

BACON, Francis. The Essayes or Counsels Civill and Morall. Norwalk, CT: The Heritage Press, 1972.

BEVERLEY, Robert. The History and Present State of Virginia. Susan Scott Parrish (ed.). Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2013.

BROWN, Charles Brockden. Edgar Huntly, or, Memoirs of a Sleep-Walker. Norman S. Grabo (ed.). London: Penguin Books, 1988.

BROWN, Charles Brockden. Wieland, or, The Transformation. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 1997.

BRUNI, Leonardo. History of the Florentine People (Vol. I). James Hankins (trans.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001.

BRUYÈRE, Jean de La. Characters. Henri Van Laun (trans.). London: Oxford University Press, 1963.

BURKE, Edmund. Reflections on the Revolution in France and Other Writings. New York: Everyman’s Library, 2015.

BURKE, Edmund. Reflections on the Revolution in France (Select Works, Vol. 2). Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1999.

BURNEY, Frances. Evelina, or The History of a Young Lady’s Entrance into the World. Edward A. Bloom (ed.). London: Oxford University Press, 1968.

BUTLER, Joseph. Fifteen Sermons Preached at the Rolls Chapel and a Dissertation upon the Nature of Virtue. London: G. Bell and Sons, 1953.

CALHOUN, John C. A Disquisition on Government and A Discourse on the Constitution and Government of the United States. Charleston, SC: Walker and James, 1851 (facsimile, New York: Legal Classics Library, 1993).

CAREW, Thomas. The Poems of Thomas Carew. Rhodes Dunlap (ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1949.

CHASTELLUX, François-Jean, Marquis de. Travels in North America in the Years 1780, 1781 and 1782 (Vol. I). Howard C. Rice, Jr. (Trans.). Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1963.

CHASTELLUX, François-Jean, Marquis de. Travels in North America in the Years 1780, 1781 and 1782 (Vol. II). Howard C. Rice, Jr. (Trans.). Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1963.

CLARKE, John. An Examination of the Notion of Moral Good and Evil. London: A. Bettesworth, 1725.

COLERIDGE, Samuel Taylor. Collected Works, Vol. 2: The Watchman. Lewis Patton (ed.). London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1970.

COLERIDGE, Samuel Taylor. Collected Works, Vol. 4: The Friend. Barbara E. Rooke (ed.). London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1969.

COLERIDGE, Samuel Taylor. Collected Works, Vol. 10: On the Constitution of the Church and State. John Colmer (ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1976.

DONNE, John. Donne's Sermons: Selected Passages. Logan Pearsall Smith (ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1932.

ETHEREGE, Sir George. The Man of Mode. W. B. Carnochan (ed.). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1966.

FERRIER, Susan. Marriage, a Novel. Herbert Foltinek (ed.). London: Oxford University Press, 1971.

FIELD, P. J. C. The Life and Times of Sir Thomas Malory. Woodbridge, Suffolk: D. S. Brewer, 1999.

FIELDING, Sarah. The Adventures of David Simple. Malcolm Kelsall (ed.). London: Oxford University Press, 1969.

FITZGERALD, F. Scott. The Beautiful and Damned. New York: Modern Library, 2002.

FORD, John. ‘Tis Pity She’s a Whore. Martin Wiggins (ed.). London: Bloomsbury, 2003.

FORDYCE, David. The Elements of Moral Philosophy. London: R. and J. Dodsley, 1754 (facsimile, Bristol: Thoemmes, 1990).

HAMILTON, Alexander, John JAY, and James MADISON. The Federalist (The Gideon Edition). George W. Carey and James McClellan (eds.). Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 2001.

HAMILTON, Thomas. Men and Manners in America (Vol. I). Edinburgh: William Blackwood, 1833.

HAMILTON, Thomas. Men and Manners in America (Vol. II). Philadelphia: Carey, Lea and Blanchard, 1833.

HOMER. Odyssey (Books 13-24). A. T. Murray (trans.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004.

HORACE. A Poetical Translation of the Works of Horace (Vol. I). Philip Francis (trans.). London: W. Strahan et al., 1778.

HOUELLEBECQ, Michel. The Elementary Particles. Frank Wynne (trans.). New York: Vintage Books, 2000.

JOHNSON, Samuel. The Works of Samuel Johnson (Vol. II). London: F. C. and J. Rivington et al., 1823.

JOHNSON, Samuel. The Works of Samuel Johnson (Vol. III). London: F. C. and J. Rivington et al., 1823.

JONSON, Ben. Volpone. Alvin B. Kernan (ed.). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1962.

KAMES, Henry Home, Lord. Elements of Criticism (Vol. II). Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 2005.

LOVECRAFT, H. P. Tales. Peter Straub (ed.). New York: Library of New York, 2005.

LUTTRELL, Narcissus. A Brief Historical Relation of State Affairs from September 1678 to April 1714 (Vol. I). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1857.

LYDGATE, John. Poems. John Norton-Smith (ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1966.

MACKENZIE, Henry. The Man of Feeling. Brian Vickers (ed.). London: Oxford University Press, 1967.

MALTHUS, Thomas Robert. An Essay on the Principle of Population (Vol. I). London: J. Johnson, 1806 (facsimile, Bristol: Thoemmes Press, 1996).

MALTHUS, Thomas Robert. An Essay on the Principle of Population (Vol. II). London: J. Johnson, 1806 (facsimile, Bristol: Thoemmes Press, 1996).

MARTIAL. Epigrams (Vol. II). D. R. Shackleton Bailey (trans.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993.

MIDDLETON, Thomas. Selected Plays of Thomas Middleton. David L. Frost (ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978.

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MONTESQUIEU. Charles de Secondat, Baron de. The Spirit of Laws (Vol. II). Thomas Nugent (trans.). Dublin: G. and A. Ewing, 1751.

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